A transformers model pretrained on a large corpus of English data in a self-supervised fashion. It was trained on BookCorpus, a dataset consisting of 11,038 unpublished books, and English Wikipedia, excluding lists, tables, and headers. The model learns an inner representation of the English language that can then be used to extract features useful for downstream tasks.
A transformers model pretrained on a large corpus of English data in a self-supervised fashion. It was trained on BookCorpus, a dataset consisting of 11,038 unpublished books, and English Wikipedia, excluding lists, tables, and headers. The model learns an inner representation of the English language that can then be used to extract features useful for downstream tasks.
text prompt, should include exactly one [MASK] token
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where is my father? (0.09)
where is my mother? (0.08)
Pretrained model on English language using a masked language modeling (MLM) objective. It was introduced in this paper and first released in this repository. This model is uncased: it does not make a difference between english and English.
Disclaimer: The team releasing BERT did not write a model card for this model so this model card has been written by the Hugging Face team.
BERT is a transformers model pretrained on a large corpus of English data in a self-supervised fashion. This means it was pretrained on the raw texts only, with no humans labeling them in any way (which is why it can use lots of publicly available data) with an automatic process to generate inputs and labels from those texts. More precisely, it was pretrained with two objectives:
This way, the model learns an inner representation of the English language that can then be used to extract features useful for downstream tasks: if you have a dataset of labeled sentences, for instance, you can train a standard classifier using the features produced by the BERT model as inputs.
BERT has originally been released in base and large variations, for cased and uncased input text. The uncased models also strips out an accent markers. Chinese and multilingual uncased and cased versions followed shortly after. Modified preprocessing with whole word masking has replaced subpiece masking in a following work, with the release of two models. Other 24 smaller models are released afterward.
The detailed release history can be found on the google-research/bert readme on github.
Model | #params | Language |
---|---|---|
bert-base-uncased | 110M | English |
bert-large-uncased | 340M | English |
bert-base-cased | 110M | English |
bert-large-cased | 340M | English |
bert-base-chinese | 110M | Chinese |
bert-base-multilingual-cased | 110M | Multiple |
bert-large-uncased-whole-word-masking | 340M | English |
bert-large-cased-whole-word-masking | 340M | English |
You can use the raw model for either masked language modeling or next sentence prediction, but it's mostly intended to be fine-tuned on a downstream task. See the model hub to look for fine-tuned versions of a task that interests you.
Note that this model is primarily aimed at being fine-tuned on tasks that use the whole sentence (potentially masked) to make decisions, such as sequence classification, token classification or question answering. For tasks such as text generation you should look at model like GPT2.
The BERT model was pretrained on BookCorpus, a dataset consisting of 11,038 unpublished books and English Wikipedia (excluding lists, tables and headers).
When fine-tuned on downstream tasks, this model achieves the following results:
Glue test results:
Task | MNLI-(m/mm) | QQP | QNLI | SST-2 | CoLA | STS-B | MRPC | RTE | Average |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
84.6/83.4 | 71.2 | 90.5 | 93.5 | 52.1 | 85.8 | 88.9 | 66.4 | 79.6 |
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-1810-04805,
author = {Jacob Devlin and
Ming{-}Wei Chang and
Kenton Lee and
Kristina Toutanova},
title = {{BERT:} Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language
Understanding},
journal = {CoRR},
volume = {abs/1810.04805},
year = {2018},
url = {http://arxiv.org/abs/1810.04805},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
eprint = {1810.04805},
timestamp = {Tue, 30 Oct 2018 20:39:56 +0100},
biburl = {https://dblp.org/rec/journals/corr/abs-1810-04805.bib},
bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}